托福閱讀考試中指代題是不可忽視的一大題型,雖然考的是代詞,卻暗含著對指代關(guān)系、語篇邏輯的深層考察,并非單純詞匯層面的考察。通常的提問形式體現(xiàn)為“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”,然后給出四個(gè)選項(xiàng),這四個(gè)詞通常都是原文中出現(xiàn)過的生詞,并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some這幾個(gè)詞的附近,需要考生經(jīng)過嚴(yán)密思考推測,選出一個(gè)既符合行文邏輯又符合上下文意思的選項(xiàng)。
那么我們?nèi)绾蚊鞔_判斷代詞所指代的對應(yīng)內(nèi)容呢?我們可以根據(jù)代詞的不同類別,把指代題分成四大類型:人稱代詞類、指示代詞類、關(guān)系代詞類和不定代詞類。然后就可以根據(jù)不同類別的代詞特征一一解答了。下面我們來具體看一下四大類代詞的特征及輔助解答托福閱讀指代題的策略。
第一類,人稱代詞
人稱代詞主要包括:I,you,he,she,it,we,they,me,him,them,yours,his,her,its,their等。此類題型應(yīng)在做題時(shí)根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)及其所能指代的名詞來判斷,通常是往前找最近的核心名詞。
例如:
“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”
The word It in the passage refers to __________。
A. theory B. price
C. process D. auction
往前追溯單數(shù)形式的核心名詞,并且能用在第二句的主語位置的詞,就只能是第一句中出現(xiàn)的auction一詞了,所以正確答案選D。
第二類,指示代詞
指示代詞主要包括this, that, these, those等。在這種句子中,this和that通常指代某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)事物或現(xiàn)象,而these和those通常指復(fù)數(shù)形式下的某些觀點(diǎn)事物或意見,并且該類題也遵循往前找的原則。
例如:
“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older, these claws are used mainly as weapons。”
The word these in the passage refers to __________。
A. claws B. trees
C. jaws D. weapons
該題中的these一定是指之前已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的名詞,所以現(xiàn)在才能用代詞進(jìn)行指示,因此我們首先可通過往前追溯的原則進(jìn)行排出,B、C、D瞬間就都被排除了。再將A選項(xiàng)帶入原句驗(yàn)證,看邏輯和意思是否與句意相符,最終驗(yàn)證表明,答案正是A選項(xiàng)。
第三類,關(guān)系代詞
主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在這種句子中,通常采用就近原則。尤其是由“, which”格式引導(dǎo)的從句,一般都是非限制性定語從句,通常就是指該詞前面緊挨著的名詞。但需要注意的是,當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有插入語時(shí),需要先去掉插入語,再使用就近原則。
例如:
“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind,ethanol,and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal,which is the cheapest energy source,is found in many parts of the world. However,it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”
The word which in the passage refers to __________。
A. nuclear energy B. ethanol
C. wind D. coal
一看詞句考察的是由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,則毫不猶豫得把答案定位到which前的名詞“coal”上,所以一眼就能選出該題的正確答案D選項(xiàng)。
第四類,不定代詞
主要包括some,any,every,each,none,some...others...,one...,another等。這類代詞通常指的都是該詞前后與其關(guān)系最緊密的名詞主語,并且注意詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例如:
“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”
The word Many in the passage refers to __________。
A. studies B. plant species
C. lost plants D. new drugs
首先確定該題的“Many”所在句主語應(yīng)該是指“l(fā)ost plants”,并且“of”是表示所屬的關(guān)系,所以“Many”應(yīng)該是屬于“these lost plants”中的一部分,所以很顯然“Many”指的就應(yīng)該是“l(fā)ost plants”,因此答案選C。
需要注意的是這四大類代詞只能大致涵蓋托福閱讀指代題中所涉及的大致類型,要想全面把握托福閱讀指代題,我們還是需要把握好真題,結(jié)合解題技巧與策略進(jìn)行有針對性的練習(xí)與總結(jié),循序漸進(jìn)提高托福閱讀水平與分?jǐn)?shù)。