為了回答我們上面提出的兩個問題，首先我們來看一下OG的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。官方指南對托福獨立寫作的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一共有三個維度，分別為展開、組織架構(gòu)和語言使用。下面我們主要來看一下評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如何對語言使用進行描述。
Language use is the third criterion on which your essay will be judged. To get a top score, an essay must display “consistent facility in the use of language.” There should be a variety of sentence structures, and word choice should be appropriate. If your essay includes a few minor lexical or grammatical errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammatical errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score. Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas. If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than a 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be.
我們在這段描述中有三個重點，我們分別來看一下：
① There should be a variety of sentence structures… 文章中句式要多樣
② Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures… 使用復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)
③ If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than a 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be. 無論文章觀點多好，過于簡單的句式和過于簡單的詞匯不會使文章超過3分
也就是說，想要考到寫作20+的成績，文章中的句式絕對不能全部都是簡單句，要能夠運用多種句型來體現(xiàn)文章句式的復(fù)雜程度。這就需要考生在平時練習(xí)的過程中，了解有哪些高級句式，以及句式之間如何進行替換。
1、 基本句型
l 因果
On account of/owing to/due to+ N
For the reason that/as/since+句子
It is due to____that
eg:It is due to his persistence and perseverance that he eventually reached his acme.(強調(diào)句)
derive/arise/stem from來源于
eg:His success derives from his persistence and perseverance.
ascribe A to B 歸結(jié)于
eg: His success can be ascribed/attributed to his persistence and perseverance
l 條件
A serves as a catalyst for B(our further success)
If/on condition that/provided that/as long as________
l 讓步
Despite the fact that/regardless of
2、 經(jīng)典句型
l 倒裝
1) Only via(by/through /with/when/after) __do/did/can we__
ef: Only after going to the beach of Hawaii will I know about American typical type of spending leisure time.
2) Hardly/Seldom/Scarcely can__
ef: Hardly can we imagine a world/our life without/devoid of
3) So +adj+主謂倒裝+that__
4) Not only 主謂倒裝 but also...
eg: Not only should education prepare children to compete
Not only do people care their economic needs,they but also want to meet their spiritual needs.
5) On no account 主謂倒裝(決不....)
l 強調(diào)
It is/was....that/who(m)....
l 插入語
1) 限定性副詞 probably/directly or indirectly/to some(a large) extent
2) N+,ving,+v
3) 同位語
3、經(jīng)典中的經(jīng)典
l 排比
1) It is tourism that gives me the opportunity to know the culture of this dynamic, robust and alive country.
2) It is computers that make our life diverse,convenient,dynamic/ vibrant, without which our life would probably pale.
3) A/which needs to be/In this way, A can be readily accepted, respected,appreciated and advocated.
4) Only via university education can we have systematic knowledge concerning arts and science.Only via university education can we know the essence of symbiosis and collaboration. And Only via university education can we meet the demands of society and make our future success inevitable.
l 十大副詞
1) Considerably
2) Invariably
3) Undoubtedly/indisputably/incontrovertibly
4) Increasingly
5) Most/exceedingly/exceptionally 格外地
6) Insightfully 富有見底地
7) Regrettably
8) Effectively and efficiently
9) Gradually and eventually
10) Readily
l 其他
1) It is not difficult for us to imagine that 不難想象
2) B makes it possible for us to have an universal access to A/A is readily available. A容易得到
3) In order to survive and thrive in this fiercely competitive society, people have no choice but to work and study hard.
4) Ruthless and relentless無形/fierce and intense competition
The ruthless and relentless competition imposes an unprecedented pressure on each and every individual, and therefore,there is no exaggeration to say that our innovative and inventive ability can lay a solid foundation for our future, enabling us to survive and thrive in the modern world.
5) Inspiration, aspiration and perspiration
6) Vision,passion and mission
l范文： 2013.3.17
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
A leader should admit if they made a bad decision. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
A good leader has plentiful of features such as sense of humor, patience and leadership that make him or her a perfect leader. However, when it comes to decision making, people’s opinions differ. Some people deem that best leaders are not supposed to make a bad decision while opponents consider making bad decisions a natural part of human being not mentioning best leaders. In my perspectives, best leaders are those who are willing to admit if they have made improper decisions. I shall illustrate my points in the following paragraphs.
First and foremost, admitting of the wrong decisions that are made reflects leaders’ broad minds, which are a must to best leaders. To err is a man. Nobody makes no mistake, but not everyone admit they make bad decisions due to vain self-esteem. Those who are willing to or even like to admit the wrong decision are broad-minded, and people will respect these kind of people. A recent survey about what sort of bosses employees like conducted by a prodigious institute in United States showed that 70% of employees vote for boss who are broad-minded. Therefore, admitting inappropriate decisions makes a leader outstanding.
Another equally important factor is that admission of bad decision making can help a leader avoid errors when faced with similar problems again. Of course, concerning the development of a company or a group, it will be optimal for leaders to make less mistake. Denial of making bad decision may be an idea to make that but not a good one. In a long run, it will be better to admit making wrong decisions in order to avoid similar challenges in the future. Covering mistakes all the time will eventually destroy a company or a group.
Last but not least, denial of making wrong decision show that the leaders have no courage to face what they have done while courage is a vital characteristic for a top leader. There is little doubt that the courage of leader plays a significant part fordevelopments of a company or a group. Without courage to make breakthroughs, it is hard to imagine how a company could survive in the fierce competitions among the modern society. However, denial of making bad decision just show the lack of courage. Therefore, the leader cannot be regarded in the circle of best leaders.
In a nutshell, the admission of making bad decisions can show their broad mind and courage. In order to avoid the similar problems, best leaders should be willing to admit what they have done. Hence, I reinforce my point of view that best leaders are those who are willing to admit if they have made a bad decision.
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