雖然SAT寫作中的閱讀素材都是議論性較強(qiáng)的社評類文章(Editorial)，但是再客觀冷靜的文章(只要不是Report)，其作者也會為了增強(qiáng)其文章的說服力而刻意地通過各種方式來撩動一下讀者的心弦。所以，今天我們以幾篇SAT寫作真題為例簡述一下SAT寫作真題中基本每篇文章都能挖掘到的一種Rhetorical Device — Emotional Appeal。

1.亞里士多德早在千年前就為議論文(辯論及演講)規(guī)定了三大要素：ethos, logos與pathos。

學(xué)習(xí)SAT的同學(xué)對這三個概念并不陌生，其意思分別為：

? appeal to authority，訴諸于權(quán)威，簡言之，權(quán)威都這么認(rèn)為了，你(讀者)還不相信我么?

? appeal to logic，訴諸于邏輯，簡言之，用強(qiáng)大的邏輯推理讓觀眾信服。就好像列寧同志一樣，每當(dāng)他發(fā)表演講的時(shí)候，觀眾都會為其強(qiáng)大的邏輯而折服，一步一步將觀眾帶入到自己的立場。

? appeal to emotion，訴諸于情感，簡言之，用各種手段(比如某一個詞，某一句話，數(shù)據(jù)，類比，范文，排比等)在讀者的情緒上掀起波瀾，讓讀者在精神上更愿意跟作者站在一起，甚至是愿意將這種情緒付諸于實(shí)際行動。

2 要想分析好pathos，我們必須要明白什么是emotion。在此，我們沒有必要給emotion做一個非常學(xué)術(shù)的心理學(xué)定義。按照常識性了解，我們都知道emotion就是可以放在feel后面的那些形容詞。

那么，一般來說，SAT寫作都會考察哪些emotion呢?

我們先看幾段素材：

素材1 Notwithstanding the aforementioned reasons why plastic bags are not, in fact, evil incarnate, environmentalists have every right to try to convince people to adopt certain beliefs or lifestyles, but they do not have the right to use government force to compel people to live the way they think best. In a free society, we are able to live our lives as we please, so long as we do not infringe upon the rights of others. That includes the right to make such fundamental decisions as “Paper or plastic?”

《Bag Ban Bad for Freedom and Environment》這篇SAT寫作真題原文文章主要是想說塑料購物袋并沒有人們想象中的那么可怕，事實(shí)上，它對于環(huán)境的污染并不大，而且一旦限制了它，不僅會給人們的生活帶來不便，而且會產(chǎn)生一些問題。

上面的文字節(jié)選于文章最后一段。內(nèi)容并不難懂。但是，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者把取消塑料袋的問題上升到了“權(quán)利”的程度：取消塑料購物袋=限制人們的自由選擇權(quán)。

看到這里，我們可以看出來作者葫蘆里裝的是什么藥了。眾所周知，美國人(當(dāng)然，也不只是美國人)對于人權(quán)是非常崇尚的。所以，當(dāng)作者告訴美國人自己的權(quán)利被政府和環(huán)境學(xué)家踐踏了之后，美國人會對這個政策抱有什么樣的情緒呢?答案非常明顯，不滿甚至是憤怒。那么作者為什么要激發(fā)這種情緒呢?

這也非常明顯，他就是想讓讀者能夠跟自己站在一邊敦促政府不要實(shí)施取消塑料購物袋的政策，讓政府把自由的選擇的權(quán)利還給自己。

素材2 Reading is not a timeless, universal capability. Advanced literacy is a specific intellectual skill and social habit that depends on a great many educational, cultural, and economic factors. As more Americans lose this capability, our nation becomes less informed, active, and independent-minded. These are not the qualities that a free, innovative, or productive society can afford to lose.

《Why Literature Matters》這篇SAT寫作真題文章的主旨是：人們對于閱讀興趣的下降會對社會造成很大的危害。

這段文字也選自于其結(jié)尾段。文章本來是說Literature的重要性，但是到了結(jié)尾卻上升到了國家發(fā)展的水平。換言之，如果美國人繼續(xù)輕視閱讀的話，那么美國將不會再是他們引以為豪的國家了。

當(dāng)然，作為中國的考生，我們不太能夠理解，這究竟激發(fā)了什么情緒。但是，我們換位思考一下，如果有一天習(xí)大大演講說，“如果閱讀在中國人的生活中繼續(xù)消失，那么中國一定會再度進(jìn)入到危難之中”，那么我們會怎么想呢?“憂國憂民”是肯定的了。所以，worry about the country’s future就完全沒有懸念的分析出來了。

在此，我再給大家介紹一種SAT也比較常考的情緒：patriotic(愛國主義情懷)

根據(jù)韋氏字典的解釋：patriotism的意思是love for or devotion to one’s country。簡言之，就是對國家的愛與奉獻(xiàn)。

所以，素材2中的worry about the country’s future也自然激發(fā)了美國人對國家的熱愛，讓其意識到國家在危險(xiǎn)之中，并且愿意維護(hù)為了國家的利益而奉獻(xiàn)出自己的閱讀精神。

3 今天給大家介紹這三種情緒。下面附上參考段落。

Model Answer 1

What cannot be overlooked is that Summers ends his article with appealing to readers’ emotion. It is universally acknowledged that what makes American people take pride in their ethnic identity is that they are living in a “free society” where they are able to live their lives as they please as long as they do not interfere with the rights of others. The essence of plastic bag ban policy, on the contrary, is evil: environmentalists “use government force to compel people to live the way they think best”, which wreaks havoc on people’s exclusive rights of freedom to choose. By raising the issue to the level of American people’s divine rights, Summers tugs readers’ heartstrings, strategically provoking their dissatisfaction and even irritation toward this policy which has trampled upon their free rights. Filled with indignation, readers would be more likely to side with the author to urge the government not to adopt this policy and to return back their personal rights.

Model Answer 2

Finally, the author utilizes emotional appeal to further corroborate his argument. In the final sentences of the article, by citing “As more Americans lose this capability, our nation becomes less informed, active, and independent-minded.”, he is warning readers that unless more emphasis is placed on reading, the US will no longer be a “free, innovative, or productive society”. The warning extends the significance of reading to the national level, leading readers to realize the substantial negative impact that the decline of reading can have. The author is also appealing to readers’ patriotism here: anyone who is proud of and loves his/her country will not tolerate its degradation. When realizing there is likelihood that America will no longer be a nation they take pride in, readers will see the reasonability of the author’s worry and concern. In using the emotional appeal, the author sways his readers into seeing what he sees and makes an emotional call to action.

SAT寫作評價(jià)指標(biāo)

首先，作文能夠明確辨識文章的中心觀點(diǎn)、證據(jù)和各種寫作手法。第二，作文能夠評估理解文章證據(jù)、展開方式，修辭手法的作用和使用價(jià)值。第三，作文能夠準(zhǔn)確選擇和引用文中細(xì)節(jié)語句輔助自己文章的展開。最后，作文是一篇高效組織的學(xué)術(shù)文章。另外，語言的規(guī)范也尤其重要，這里語言規(guī)范指語言表達(dá)的正確性，這包括多變的句式(不一定全是倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句等)、精確的詞匯(不一定復(fù)雜)、適當(dāng)?shù)膹木?定語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句等)，但需要避免口語化的表達(dá)。

總的來說，新SAT寫作要求以下幾個方面：1. Make a claim. 2. Organize your argument. 3. Switch up your sentences.4. Choose smart words. 5. Use an academic tone. 6. Use good grammar.

SAT寫作基本框架

我們擬出的參考架構(gòu)是把一篇文章分為四到五個段落：

第一段：文章開頭，簡介原文作者寫原文的動機(jī)，闡明原文的Claim和引證的方式和技巧。句子要精簡有力，不要含糊其詞。如有可能的話，善用詞匯嘗試給人耳目一新的感覺：軼事、典故、統(tǒng)計(jì)、科研結(jié)論(anecdote, allusion, rhetorical, effective, depict…)。

第二，三，四段：每個段落具體描述和分析原文中的一個論據(jù)(原文中的一段);結(jié)尾段落，對上述的論據(jù)和寫法加以總結(jié)，回應(yīng)自己文章的開頭。要忠實(shí)原文。

以上就是《SAT寫作真題分析 傾聽鑒賞寫作中的情感因素》的全部內(nèi)容，更多SAT備考資訊，盡在牛學(xué)SAT頻道，祝2018年大家SAT分?jǐn)?shù)1400起跳，1500不難。