摘要：100留學(xué)雅思小編給考生們帶來了劍14Test2雅思閱讀Passage2原文翻譯：回到摩天大樓設(shè)計(jì)的未來。希望幫助考生對(duì)照文本更好的研究真題，充分備考，爭(zhēng)取個(gè)好成績(jī)，實(shí)現(xiàn)留學(xué)夢(mèng)。

劍14Test2雅思閱讀Passage2原文

Back to the future of skyscraper design

Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and

large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural

designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries

A The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan

Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green

building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied

Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.

'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. 'Policy makers

think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As

global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more

and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out

of capacity.

B Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major

public buildings are designed - to end the reliance on sealed buildings which

exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.

Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and

cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread

introduction of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and

aggressively marketed' by their inventors.

C Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they

have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this

generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account

for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and

the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass,

steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than

practical ways of meeting our requirements.

D Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of

ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the

design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those

built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins

Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).

'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says

Short. 'We put pathogens· in the airstreams, modelled for someone with

tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in

the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.

E 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24

air changes an hour - that's similar to the performance of a modern-day,

computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on

these principles now.

Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards

appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example -

would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy

cost.'

Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs

have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed

theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half thevolume of the

building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.

F Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building

design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could

protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air

that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and

epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from

the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris

during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main

driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The

prosperous steered clear of hospitals.

While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last

30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced

in its wake.

G Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given

over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings

over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and

then measure what happens.

'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well

advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present

appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'

H Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at

De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and

students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and

naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150

people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of

comparable buildings in the UK.

Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will

become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions

and energy price rises come to pass as expected.

I He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural

environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked

on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with

natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly

perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during

the spring and autumn.

Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the

future. Maybe it's time we changed our outlook.

劍14Test2雅思閱讀Passage2翻譯

回到摩天大樓設(shè)計(jì)的未來

從19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)初獨(dú)具匠心卻被遺忘的建筑設(shè)計(jì)中

尋找解決摩天大樓和大型公共建筑過度用電問題的答案

A Alan

Short教授所著的《在建筑中恢復(fù)自然環(huán)境》一書是30年調(diào)查研究的結(jié)品,也是Short及其在劍橋大學(xué)建筑學(xué)、工程學(xué)、應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)和地球科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的同事們共同完成的榮獲綠色建筑設(shè)計(jì)獎(jiǎng)的巔峰之作。

“建筑設(shè)計(jì)的危機(jī)已然來臨,”

Short說道。“決策者們認(rèn)為,我們可以用一些小裝置來解決能源和建筑問題。其實(shí)不然。隨著全球氣溫持續(xù)升高,我們將繼續(xù)浪費(fèi)越來越多的能源去機(jī)械地降低建筑內(nèi)的溫度,直至能源耗盡。”

B

Short正在呼吁對(duì)摩天大樓和大型公共建筑的設(shè)計(jì)方式進(jìn)行徹底的改革—一以停止依賴。封閉式建筑,因?yàn)樗鼈冎皇且揽看笮涂照{(diào)機(jī)組這樣的“生命保障”系統(tǒng)而存在。與之相反,他證明了通過回顧過去,完全有可能在大型建筑中實(shí)現(xiàn)自然通風(fēng)和降溫我們可以看一看在被發(fā)明者“大肆推廣”的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)普及之前的建筑設(shè)計(jì)。

C

Short指出,為了讓大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代建筑適宜居住,人們將其封閉起來并配備空調(diào)。這種做法所造成的能源消耗和碳排放都極為驚人,在很大程度上并沒有必要。西方建筑物(的用電量)占用電量的409%—50%,產(chǎn)生了大量的碳排放,而世界其他地區(qū)(的用電量)正以驚人的速度迎頭趕上。

Short將玻璃、鋼鐵和裝有空調(diào)的摩天大樓視為地位的象征,而不是滿足需求的切實(shí)可行的方法。

D

Short的著作突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)初尚在發(fā)展中卻又復(fù)雜精妙的關(guān)于通風(fēng)建筑的藝術(shù)和科學(xué),包括巧妙設(shè)計(jì)通風(fēng)的醫(yī)院大樓。其中尤為讓人感興趣的是根據(jù)John

Shaw Billings的設(shè)計(jì)建造一些建筑,包括美國(guó)巴爾的摩市的第一家約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)院(1873-1889)

“我們耗時(shí)3年做出了

Billings最終設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)字模型,"Shor說道。“我們將病原體釋放到氣流中,模擬肺結(jié)核病人在病房?jī)?nèi)咳嗽,之后我們發(fā)現(xiàn),房間內(nèi)的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)可以保護(hù)其他病人免受傳染。

E“我們發(fā)現(xiàn),19世紀(jì)的醫(yī)院病房1小時(shí)之內(nèi)可以換氣24次——一類似一家由計(jì)算機(jī)控制的現(xiàn)代劇院的換氣次數(shù)。我們認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)在仍可以基于這些原理來設(shè)計(jì)病房。

單間病房不可能適合所有病人。適合某些病人——比如患有癡呆的老年人的多人病房在現(xiàn)代醫(yī)院也適用,而且能源消耗極少。

Short教授認(rèn)為,這些設(shè)計(jì)背后的理念和技術(shù)已經(jīng)完全丟失了,他為那些巧妙設(shè)計(jì)的戲院、歌劇院和其他建筑的消失而感到痛惜,而這些建筑中多達(dá)一半的空間都是用來確保人人都能呼吸到新鮮空氣。

F

19世紀(jì)之所以出現(xiàn)那么多設(shè)計(jì)精妙的醫(yī)院和建筑,是因?yàn)榭只诺拿癖娨蠼ㄔ炜梢员Ｗo(hù)他們免受瘴氣傷害的建筑。瘴氣在當(dāng)時(shí)被認(rèn)為是致命的威脅,是一種可以傳播疾病的毒氣。人們害怕瘴氣,是因?yàn)閿?shù)百年來,它都被視為疾病和流行病的主要媒介,它還被認(rèn)為是從中世紀(jì)的感染一直到19世紀(jì)50年代倫敦和巴黎霍亂爆發(fā)的原因。人們認(rèn)為,污濁難聞的空氣,而非病菌,是“熱病”發(fā)作的主要原因,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致疾病和大量死亡。富人們則對(duì)醫(yī)院唯恐避之不及。

盡管瘴氣理論早已被推翻,但在過去的30年間, Short一直在提倡重拾因其而產(chǎn)生的些建筑設(shè)計(jì)理念。

G

如今,建筑空間和建造成本的很大一部分都用在了空調(diào)系統(tǒng)上。“但是過去這30年我已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)并且建造了一系列建筑,運(yùn)用的是早期的設(shè)計(jì)理念,然后驗(yàn)證其結(jié)果。

“為了走向嶄新的低能低碳未來,我們最好回顧一下在現(xiàn)在的高能高碳出現(xiàn)之前的設(shè)計(jì)。令人驚訝的是,我們竟然丟棄了如此寶黃的遺產(chǎn)。”

H

Short的設(shè)計(jì)理念有一些成功的案例,其中包括位于萊斯特市的德蒙福特大學(xué)的女王大廈。整座建筑可以容納2000名員工和學(xué)生,完全采用自然通風(fēng)、被動(dòng)冷卻和自然照明的方式建造,其中最大的兩個(gè)禮堂(每個(gè)禮堂可容納150多人)也是如此。這座獲獎(jiǎng)建筑的用電量只是英國(guó)同類建筑的一小部分。

Short認(rèn)為,如果氣候模型預(yù)測(cè)的情況和能源價(jià)格上漲如期到來,那么在未來的20或30年,倫敦乃至全世界的玻璃大廈都應(yīng)為此負(fù)責(zé)。

I

他堅(jiān)信,建造充分利用自然環(huán)境降溫的摩天大樓適用于任何氣候條件。他和因隊(duì)已經(jīng)在北京和芝加哥惡劣的環(huán)境下建造了混合結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑——一自然通風(fēng)設(shè)備輔以空調(diào)系統(tǒng)令人驚訝的是,在較暖和的天氣以及春、秋季節(jié),有一半以上的時(shí)間都不需要打開空調(diào)。

Shor著眼于我們可以如何重新構(gòu)想未來的城市辦公黨和家庭。也許是時(shí)候改變一下我們的觀點(diǎn)了。

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