2018年1月6日（下午場） 托福閱讀考題回憶

Passage One

學科分類：地質類

題目：Sea Ice

內容回憶：

第一段：浮冰季節性的形成和消融會對地球地貌產生巨大的影響。

第二段：浮冰會將太陽光反射到大氣層中，而沒有浮冰的海水會吸收熱量。因為溫室效應，全球變暖冰山融化，海水吸收更多熱量，就會導致浮冰進一步融化。

第三段：當浮冰形成時，會產生一種positive effect，將冰層中的鹽分排放到附近的海水中，這些海水鹽分很高就會沉到海底。這種positive effect和風力一起影響洋流的行徑。

第四段：浮冰對航海探索也造成了印象，例如在19世紀，有一支船隊在夏季結束的時候去航海探索，但是被浮冰困住了，浮冰擠壓的力量使船崩潰瓦解。而后來，另一支船隊在天氣暖的時候去，探索非常順利。

Passage Two

學科分類：考古類

題目：Impacts and Mass Extinctions

內容回憶：

Impacts and Mass Extinctions(和原文90%相似 題目有改動）

Meteorites and impact craters bear witness to the fact that large impacts occasionally occur on Earth. Meteor Crater in the northern Arizona desert of the United States formed about 50,000 years ago when a metallic impactor roughly 50 meters across crashed to Earth with the explosive power of a 20-megaton hydrogen bomb. Although the crater is only slightly more than one kilometer across, an area covering hundreds of square kilometers was probably battered by the blast and ejecta—the debris ejected or displaced during the formation of an impact crater. Far bigger impacts have occurred, sometimes with catastrophic consequences for life on Earth.

While collecting geological samples in Italy in 1978, the father-son team of Luis and Walter Alvarez discovered a thin layer of dark sediment that had apparently been deposited 65 million years ago—at about the same time that the dinosaurs and many other organisms suddenly became extinct. Subsequent studies found similar sediment deposited at the same time at many sites around the world. Careful analysis showed this worldwide sediment layer to be rich in iridium, and element that is rare on Earth’s surface. But iridium is common in primitive meteorites, which led the Alvarezes to a stunning conclusion: the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by the impact of an asteroid or comet. This conclusion was not immediately accepted and still generates some controversy, but it now seems clear that a major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs. While the dinosaurs were the most famous victims of this mass extinction, it seems that up to 99 percent of all living things were killed and that 75 percent of all species living on Earth were wiped out at that time.

How could an impact lead to mass extinction? The amount of iridium deposited worldwide suggests that the impactor must have been about 10 kilometers across. After a decade-long search, scientists identified what appears to be the impact crater from the event. Located off the coast of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula, it is 200 kilometers across, which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 million years ago. Further evidence that the Yucatan crater is the right one comes from the distribution of small glassy spheres that formed when the molten impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth. More of these glassy spheres are found in regions near the crater, and careful study of their distribution suggests that the impactor crashed to Earth at a slight angle. These pieces of once molten rock are evidence of an explosion powerful enough to instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin. The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much of North and South America and generated huge waves that may have sloshed more than 1,000 kilometers inland. Many North American species thus may have been wiped out shortly after impact. For the rest of the world, death may have come more slowly. Heat from the impact and returning ejecta probably ignited wildfires in forests around the world. Evidence of wildfires is found in the large amount of soot (a black powdery form of carbon produced when coal, wood, or oil is burned) that is also present in the indium-rich sediment from 65 million years ago. The impact also sent huge quantities of dust high into the stratosphere, where it remained for several years, blocking out sunlight, cooling the surface, and affecting atmospheric chemistry. Plants died for lack of sunlight, and effects propagated throughout the food chain.

Perhaps the most astonishing fact is not that 75 percent of all species died, but that 25 percent survived. Among the survivors were a few small, rodent-like mammals. These mammals may have survived because they lived in underground burrows and managed to store enough food to outlast the long spell of cold, dark days. Small mammals had first arisen at about the same time as the dinosaurs, more than 100 million years earlier. But the sudden disappearance of the dominant dinosaurs made these mammals dominant.

Paragraph 1

Meteorites and impact craters bear witness to the fact that large impacts occasionally occur on Earth. Meteor Crater in the northern Arizona desert of the United States formed about 50,000 years ago when a metallic impactor roughly 50 meters across crashed to Earth with the explosive power of a 20-megaton hydrogen bomb. Although the crater is only slightly more than one kilometer across, an area covering hundreds of square kilometers was probably battered by the blast and ejecta—the debris ejected or displaced during the formation of an impact crater. Far bigger impacts have occurred, sometimes with catastrophic consequences for life on Earth.

1. The word ”catastrophic” in the passage is closet in meaning to

? widespread

? disastrous

? important

? immediate

Paragraph 2

While collecting geological samples in Italy in 1978, the father-son team of Luis and Walter Alvarez discovered a thin layer of dark sediment that had apparently been deposited 65 million years ago—at about the same time that the dinosaurs and many other organisms suddenly became extinct. Subsequent studies found similar sediment deposited at the same time at many sites around the world. Careful analysis showed this worldwide sediment layer to be rich in iridium, and element that is rare on Earth’s surface. But iridium is common in primitive meteorites, which led the Alvarezes to a stunning conclusion: the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by the impact of an asteroid or comet. This conclusion was not immediately accepted and still generates some controversy, but it now seems clear that a major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs. While the dinosaurs were the most famous victims of this mass extinction, it seems that up to 99 percent of all living things were killed and that 75 percent of all species living on Earth were wiped out at that time.

2. The word ”Subsequent” in the passage is closet in meaning to

? Detailed

? Later

? Recent

? Additional

3. The phrase ”coincided with” in the passage is closet in meaning to

? occurred before

? happened at the same time as

? speeded up

? caused

4. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the presence of iridium in the sediment layer discovered by the Alvarezes because

? it supported their claim that toxic levels of iridium could have killed the dinosaurs

? it led some scientists to question the validity of the Alvarezes’ study

? it led the Alvarezes to conclude that a space impactor killed the dinosaurs

? it showed that new discoveries were still being made about the extinction of the dinosaurs

Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [→]

5. Which of the following statements about scientists’ theories on the extinction of the dinosaurs can be inferred from paragraph 2?

? Some scientists do not believe that an asteroid or comet impact killed the dinosaurs.

? Some scientists think that iridium was abundant on Earth before the extinction of the dinosaurs.

? Some scientists doubt that all of the dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago.

? Some scientists believe that the dinosaurs became extinct only after the plants and animals they ate disappeared.

Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [→]

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

? Alarge percentage of Earth’s living things were killed along with the dinosaurs.

? Seventy-five percent of all species, including 75 percent of dinosaur species, were victims of a single mass extinction.

? In the extinction that eliminated the dinosaurs, up to 99 percent of all living things and 75 percent of all species were wiped out.

? Dinosaurs were the most famous victims of a mass extinction, but there have also been mass extinctions that wiped out most of Earth’s other species.

Paragraph 3

How could an impact lead to mass extinction? The amount of iridium deposited worldwide suggests that the impactor must have been about 10 kilometers across. After a decade-long search, scientists identified what appears to be the impact crater from the event. Located off the coast of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula, it is 200 kilometers across, which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 million years ago. Further evidence that the Yucatan crater is the right one comes from the distribution of small glassy spheres that formed when the molten impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth. More of these glassy spheres are found in regions near the crater, and careful study of their distribution suggests that the impactor crashed to Earth at a slight angle. These pieces of once molten rock are evidence of an explosion powerful enough to instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin. The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much of North and South America and generated huge waves that may have sloshed more than 1,000 kilometers inland. Many North American species thus may have been wiped out shortly after impact. For the rest of the world, death may have come more slowly. Heat from the impact and returning ejecta probably ignited wildfires in forests around the world. Evidence of wildfires is found in the large amount of soot (a black powdery form of carbon produced when coal, wood, or oil is burned) that is also present in the indium-rich sediment from 65 million years ago. The impact also sent huge quantities of dust high into the stratosphere, where it remained for several years, blocking out sunlight, cooling the surface, and affecting atmospheric chemistry. Plants died for lack of sunlight, and effects propagated throughout the food chain.

7. According to paragraph 3, what information did scientists use to predict the size of the impactor that they believed struck Earth 65 million years ago?

? The size of the debris found in geological samples from that time

? The distance inland that traces of tidal waves were found

? The amount of iridium found in sediment from that time

? The number of species that became extinct at that time

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

8. According to paragraph 3, the shower of debris created by the impact suggests that the impactor

? was 200 kilometers across

? landed about 1,000 kilometers inland

? had a molten core that solidified immediately as the impactor hit Earth

? was probably responsible for the immediate extinction of many North American species

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

9. In paragraph 3, why does the author include the information that a large amount of soot is found in sediment from 65 million years ago?

? To identify the largest component of the dust sent into the atmosphere by the impactor’s crash

? To support the idea that the impactor’s crash probably caused widespread wildfires

? To emphasize the large variety of substances found in the sediment

? To cast doubt on the claim that the impact affected only the area near the crash site

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as an effect of the dust raised by the impact 65 million years ago?

? It cooled the surface of Earth.

? It released toxic chemicals into the stratosphere.

? It caused changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

? It prevented sunlight from reaching the surface of Earth.

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

11. The word ”propagated” in the passage is closet in meaning to

? were seen

? occurred

? caused harm

? spread

Paragraph 4

Perhaps the most astonishing fact is not that 75 percent of all species died, but that 25 percent survived. Among the survivors were a few small, rodent-like mammals. These mammals may have survived because they lived in underground burrows and managed to store enough food to outlast the long spell of cold, dark days. Small mammals had first arisen at about the same time as the dinosaurs, more than 100 million years earlier. But the sudden disappearance of the dominant dinosaurs made these mammals dominant.

12. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of the animals that survived the impact EXCEPT:

? They probably had a lot of food stored up.

? Many lived underground.

? Most were relatively new species.

? They tended to be small.

Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [→]

Paragraph3

How could an impact lead to mass extinction? The amount of iridium deposited worldwide suggests that the impactor must have been about 10 kilometers across. After a decade-long search, scientists identified what appears to be the impact crater from the event. Located off the coast of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula, it is 200 kilometers across, which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 million years ago. Further evidence that the Yucatan crater is the right one comes from the distribution of small glassy spheres that formed when the molten impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth. ■More of these glassy spheres are found in regions near the crater, and careful study of their distribution suggests that the impactor crashed to Earth at a slight angle. ■These pieces of once molten rock are evidence of an explosion powerful enough to instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin. ■The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much of North and South America and generated huge waves that may have sloshed more than 1,000 kilometers inland. ■Many North American species thus may have been wiped out shortly after impact. For the rest of the world, death may have come more slowly. Heat from the impact and returning ejecta probably ignited wildfires in forests around the world. Evidence of wildfires is found in the large amount of soot (a black powdery form of carbon produced when coal, wood, or oil is burned) that is also present in the indium-rich sediment from 65 million years ago. The impact also sent huge quantities of dust high into the stratosphere, where it remained for several years, blocking out sunlight, cooling the surface, and affecting atmospheric chemistry. Plants died for lack of sunlight, and effects propagated throughout the food chain.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

As a result, molten material was pushed out toward the north with small glass spheres found more than 2,500 kilometers to the northwest.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on

View Text.

SHAPE * MERGEFORMAT

Asteroids and other large bodies from space have occasionally struck Earth, causing mass destruction and extinction. ● ● ●

Answer Choices

? The large impactor that crashed in what is now the Arizona desert exploded with the force of a 20-megaton hydrogen bomb.

? Although the crash of a large impactor would have killed all living things near the site of impact, most animals living farther away adapted to changes in the environment.

? Scientists believe the reason the impactor that struck Earth 65 million years ago was so deadly was because it contained many toxic compounds, such as iridium.

? A worldwide sediment layer of iridium suggests that an asteroid or comet impacted Earth 65 million years ago, possibly causing the extinction of the dinosaurs.

? The large impact that caused the Yucatan crater probably produced both immediate natural disasters and a long-lasting layer of dust in the atmosphere.

? Despite the destructive effects of the large impact 65 million years ago, around 25 percent of Earth’s species survived and mammals came to be dominant.

Passage Three

學科分類：地質類

題目：Determine Earth’s Age

內容回憶：

第一段：如何測定地球的年齡，一直以來都是困擾人類的一個難題，直到19世紀才有科學家提出相關的理論。第一個理論認為地球一開始是熔融狀態，可以用火山溫度降至常溫所需要的時間，推算出地球從一開始的熔融狀態到現在的固體狀態，這中間需要多少時間。

第二段：后來另一個科學家提出，假定海洋里一開始都是淡水，那么根據每年流入大海的鹽分，和海水現在的總鹽度，可以推算出地球年齡。但這兩種辦法都缺乏事實依據，都只是人們的猜想。

第三段：再后來，人們通過測定巖石中放射性元素的半衰期來判定巖石的年齡，并且開始在地球上尋找最古老的巖石。但是地球的形成在巖石凝固成固體之前，所以通過巖石年齡來判定地球年齡也是不準確的。

第四段：最后科學家通過地球形成之時產生的一個隕石坑中的元素，測定了地球的年齡。

所有詞匯題：

1、profound=far-reaching

2、key=critical

3、vital=essential

4、stress=emphasis

5、intact=keep original condition

6、explicit=clear

7、conclusive=definitive

8、hazard=danger

9、refine=improve

10、subsequent=later

11、tragedy=disaster