一般正常情況來說，一個句子中的主語和謂語動詞往往緊挨在一起，這也是符合大多數的句子結構，同學們最熟悉的主謂或者主謂賓結構。But, 出現重點了，長難句中，往往會“牛郎織女隔河對望”，就是會把主語和謂語動詞這對情侶分離開來，請看下面這兩個句子結構：

示例1： Prior to 1815, western farmers (who did not live on navigable waterways) were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails.

示例2：The process (perceived by these anthropologists )may be summarized briefly.

對于這種類型的句子結構，童靴們是不是相當熟悉這個套路呢。示例1中，定語從句從中作梗，拆分了主謂。示例2中，過去分詞短語拆分了主謂。

那為何我們一定要能快速識別這個套路，對于我們理解句子又有什么幫助呢?這次我們主要分析第二種情況，因為這個比較難以區分，對童靴造成的困擾更大些。以示例2來說：The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly.一不小心，主干是這樣理解的：The process perceived這也是大多數心大的童靴常犯的問題，看到主語后面緊挨著一個動詞，就想當然認為是謂語動詞，萬事大吉，從而不會繼續往后看看這個句子后面是否還有動詞。

錯誤理解：這個過程感知，通過這些人類學家，可能被簡短地總結。

正確理解：人類學家感知(體會)的這個過程可能被簡短地總結

*總結：句子結構都分析不對，往往意思就會偏差很多。說白了，會影響句子意思準確理解。所以，第一步句子結構得分析正確。

我們再來看這個句子，很明顯這個句子有兩個動詞，一是perceived，二是may be summarized，那么問題就來了，究竟哪個是謂語動詞，哪一個是修飾了。判斷的方法有多種，根據語法常識，may be summarized是情態動詞+實意動詞的結構，孩子們還沒有接觸過這種后置修飾的套路吧。一般來說，情態動詞+實意動詞，動詞原形，動詞三單形式，動詞有語態變化的，都是常見的謂語動詞的形式。但今天，包老濕來個小小的非常實用的tip,從句子結構入手，幫助同學們快速識別過去分詞短語后置修飾這個套路，從而和謂語動詞區分開來。過去分詞短語后置修飾常見結構：done+by/from+n, 介詞以by/from居多。我們再把示例2的句子拿出來，The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly.眼尖的孩子發現了，perceived by these anthropologists就是done+by+n這種結構。所以這個句子結構是：The process (perceived by these anthropologists )may be summarized briefly.

我們再來看幾個句子：

示例3：The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability results in the further loss of vegetation.

分析：動詞caused和results in，其中動詞caused是caused by its diminished ability，滿足done+by+n這種結構，我們得出這個句子結構，The gradual drying of the soil( caused by its diminished ability) results in the further loss of vegetation.

示例4：At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.

分析：動詞run和found，其中動詞run是run by steam，滿足done+by+n這種結構，得出這個句子結構，At the same time, operators of the first printing presses (run by steam rather than by hand) found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.

示例5：Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.

分析：動詞obtained和would increase，其中動詞obtained是obtained through any of these schemes，滿足done+by+n這種結構，不過把介詞by換成了through，結構還是一樣的。得出這個句子結構，Unfortunately, the cost of water (obtained through any of these schemes )would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.

最后我們來看一下過去分詞短語后置修飾常見結構done+by/from+n的原理，舉非常簡單的兩個句子，相信大家能輕松理解。

1. The lecture (given by Professor Zhang) is about environment protection.

2. The lecture (which was given by Professor Zhang) is about the environment protection.

過去分詞或過去分詞短語放在名詞后面作后置修飾，其功能相當于一個定語從句，并不是做謂語動詞哦。