托福綜合寫作是讓很多托福新手感到頭疼的一個備考部分，畢竟我們之前接觸到的英語考試好像從未對書面表達(dá)有如此綜合的考察，同時涉及閱讀理解、聽力理解和信息整合能力，生態(tài)學(xué)是近年來托福綜合寫作考察頻次較高的熱門話題之一，在TPO綜合寫作題目中，最具代表性的生態(tài)類話題分布在TPO 14，TPO 18，TPO 20，TPO 21，TPO 23 和TPO 26，它們分別研究的是：樹木回收性砍伐的好處、佛羅里達(dá)榧樹的保護(hù)、大火給森林帶來的損害、轉(zhuǎn)基因樹的好處、雪松數(shù)量減少、斑馬貝的入侵。

備考托福綜合寫作最重要也是最有效的資料就是TPO，我們可以好好把握TPO中曾經(jīng)考察過的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，挖掘重要考點與信息。具體來看，TPO14、TPO18、TPO20的這三篇主要考察要點都和環(huán)境保護(hù)息息相關(guān)：

(閱讀論點--- 聽力論點)

TPO 14：回收性砍伐的好處

1. make room for the growth of the new trees---deprive the soil of the nutrients produced during the process of decomposition

2. minimize the danger of insect infestation---some insects are great contributors to the health of the forest

3. provide usable wood by industries and create additional jobs for local people---transportation of these woods is expensive and the jobs provided are temporary

TPO 18：佛羅里達(dá)榧樹減少的解決方案

1.reestablish Torreya in the same location

with the coolest and dampest microclimate---the microclimate is strongly influenced by either global warming or the drained wetlands

2.move Torreya to an entirely different location---Torreya will threaten other rendangered species

3.preserve Torreya in research center---the research center can not ensure a large and genetically-diverse population of the Torreyatrees, which means the trees are not capableof resisting the disease

TPO 20：Let it burn policy 帶來的危害

1. damage the trees as well as the vegetation---there appears to be a biggerdiversity for the plants

2.bring negative effects to the wildlife---small animals like the rabbits and hares are more likely to inhabit in the ideal place

3.do harm to the local tourism, negatively contributing to the economy---only if it happens every year would it be a problem for tourism

從單詞的層面上看，生態(tài)學(xué)相關(guān)的托福綜合寫作部分我們主要需要做好以下幾方面詞匯積累：

物種名稱詞匯( 植物)：plant / cedar / plankton / Terroya tree / wild berry / organism / black locust tree

物種名稱詞匯(動物)：wildlife / insect / beetle / bear / mussel / hare / rabbit / shellfish

涉及棲息地詞匯：habitat / dwell / inhabit / habitat / bottom / wetland

生物鏈涉及詞匯：food chain / plankton eater/ predator / parasite / disease / infestation / infest / pest-resistant / resist / dominate / reproduce / germinate / nutrient

關(guān)于物種入侵：wipe out / crowd out / be aggressive / invade / invasion / colonize / compete for

表示物種數(shù)量的下降：decline / descend / shrink / extinct / endangered / minimize / devastate / destroy

科學(xué)技術(shù)層面的單詞：genetic modification / genetictechnology / genetically –diverse / geneticallymodified / uniform / gene / pesticide

在托福綜合寫作的閱讀和聽力材料中，常常會出現(xiàn)的生態(tài)學(xué)相關(guān)考點包括：生物減少原因、生物保護(hù)方法、防止生物擴(kuò)散的方法。

生物減少原因：

Environment: temperature / climate change / global warming

Technology: genetically-modified plants /pest-unresistant / uniform in genes

Invasion: compete for nutrient/ infestation / parasite / predator

生物保護(hù)方法：

Environment: temperature / climate change / relocation

Technology: research center

防止生物擴(kuò)散的方法：

Biological introduction: predator

Human activities: capture (financially beneficial) / chemical control (poison / pesticide)

生態(tài)學(xué)題材的內(nèi)容無論是托福哪個單項都會頻繁出現(xiàn)，是我們備考的一大重點，我們在進(jìn)行托福綜合寫作相關(guān)內(nèi)容備考的過程中，也可以充分利用閱讀和聽力中的生態(tài)學(xué)相關(guān)內(nèi)容，積累相關(guān)學(xué)科背景知識，助力托福閱讀、托福聽力和托福口語中涉及相關(guān)知識點的備考，同步提升托福綜合水平。